Ketidakefektifan ICOC dalam Mengatasi Potensi Ancaman di Luar Angkasa
Keywords:
Ketidakefektifan, ICoC, sampah, luar angkasa, militarization, ancaman
Abstract
as collective initiation from major countries in Europe, ICoC or International Code of Conduct on Outer Space was launched in 2008. This code of conduct is expected to call the main actors in space activity with more concern about space security, cooperation, and anti-space militarization activities. However, there are many interpretations in each country and make this code of conduct not effective. In recent decades, a lot of space missions launched to LEO and GEO have produced a million debris. Moreover, security dilemmas in each actor bring them to traditional security competition. The US, China, and Russia officially reform the Space Force to strengthen their space capability. Worstly, this force is armed with high-tech space technology such as Satellite for military operations, satellite jamming and so on. This research will mention various ineffectiveness of ICoC, limited in space debris production and militarization of outer space by major actors on the global level.
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Australian Space Academy. (2020). Space Debris. https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/watch/debris/sdfacts.htm
Britannica. (n.d.). Security Dilemma. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/security-dilemma
Oxford Public International Law. (n.d.). Non-Binding Agreements. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1444
Tang, Shipping. (2009). The Security Dilemma: A Conceptual Analysis. Security Studies. 588-590. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636410903133050
Acharya, Avidit., & Ramsay, Kristopher. W. (2013). The Calculation of Security Dilemma, 2-4. DOI:10.1561/100.00011066
Pry, Peter. V. (2020). Real Clear Defense: Have Russia And China Already 'Militarized' Space?. Defense Technical Information Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1104004
Swiss Re. (2011). Space Debris: On Collision Course for Insurers?, The Implications of Debris Colliding with Operational Satellites From a Technical, Legal and Insurance Perspective. https://www.swissre.com/dam/jcr:b359fb24-857a-412a-ae5c-72cdff0eaa94/Publ11_Space+debris.pdf
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Beard, Jack. M. (2017). Soft Law’s Failure on the Horizon: The International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities. 2-4, 10-13. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/vol38/iss2/2/
Johnson, Chris. (2014). Draft International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities Fact Sheet. https://swfound.org/media/166384/swf_draft_international_code_of_conduct_for_outer_space_activities_fact_sheet_february_2014.pd
Park, Andrew, T. (2011). The Securitization of Outer Space: Challenge for Arms Control, 1-2. DOI:10.1080/13523260.2011.556846
Hillger, Don., & Toth, Garry. (2021). USA-Series Satellites. https://rammb.cira.colostate.edu/dev/hillger/usa.htm
Internet Archive Wayback Machine. (n.d). (2012). Data Sharing [Database Satellites List] https://web.archive.org/web/20121111111926/http://www.planet4589.org/space/logs/satcat.txt.
Whitt, Kelly, Kizer. (2021, November 15). Kessler Syndrome in Real Life? ISS Astronauts Shelter from Debris. https://earthsky.org/human-world/kessler-syndrome-colliding-satellites/
Krepon, Michael. (2012). Space Diplomacy and an International Code of Conduct. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2012/06/21/space-diplomacy-and-an-international-code-of-conduct/
Published
2022-12-08
How to Cite
Meirizal, A. (2022). Ketidakefektifan ICOC dalam Mengatasi Potensi Ancaman di Luar Angkasa. Jurnal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional LINO, 2(2), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.31605/lino.v2i2.1502