Correction and Retraction

Jurnal Arajang adheres to the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines regarding corrections and retractions. Corrections are issued when a minor error is identified that does not affect the overall validity of the article, such as typographical errors, incorrect author affiliation, or minor data errors. Corrections are published as an erratum/corrigendum linked to the original article. Retraction will be considered when: 1. There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable due to major error (e.g., data manipulation) or fabrication. 2. The findings have been previously published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission, or justification (redundant publication). 3. The work constitutes plagiarism or another violation of publication ethics. 4. The reported research was conducted unethically. The retraction process will be communicated to the author(s), and retracted articles will remain accessible but will be clearly marked as 'RETRACTED,' accompanied by a retraction notice explaining the reason for the action.