Development and Validation of an AI-TPACK Instrument for Pre-Service Elementary Teachers in Mathematics Learning
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31605/cjee.v4i1.6503Keywords:
AI-TPACK, Development Instrument, PGSD Students, Mathematics Learning, ReliabilityAbstract
This study aims to develop and validate an AI-TPACK instrument for pre-service primary school teachers in mathematics learning. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) design using the 4D model, consisting of define, design, develop, and disseminate stages. The participants were students of the Primary School Teacher Education Program who had taken mathematics learning courses. Data were collected through expert validation forms and instrument trial questionnaires, and were analyzed using content validity, construct validity, reliability testing, and item analysis. The findings indicated that the developed AI-TPACK instrument demonstrated good content validity, adequate construct validity (KMO = 0.86; factor-loading range = 0.54–0.83) , and high reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92). The instrument is considered feasible for measuring pre-service primary school teachers’ competence in integrating artificial intelligence, pedagogy, technology, and mathematical content in instructional practices. Therefore, the instrument may serve as a valid and reliable tool for research and instructional evaluation in strengthening teacher competencies in the digital era
Downloads
References
Adirakasiwi, A., Priatna, N., & Fatimah, S. (2025). Investigating Prospective Teachers’ Mathematical Technology Understanding Within the TPACK Framework. Kreano, Jurnal Matematika Kreatif-Inovatif, 16(2), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.15294/kreano.v16i2.5934
Agustina, R. H., Alfiyanto, A., Suhendri, S., Wihardjo, E., & Pranajaya, S. A. (2025). Optimizing Learning: Adaptive Technology Integration in Indonesia’s Education System. Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan (JIP) STKIP Kusuma Negara, 16(2), 304–317. https://doi.org/10.37640/jip.v16i2.2293
Bognar, B., Mužar Horvat, S., & Jukić Matić, L. (2025). Characteristics of Effective Elementary Mathematics Instruction: A Scoping Review of Experimental Studies. Education Sciences, 15(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15010076
Budirahayu, T., & Saud, M. (2023). Pedagogical innovation and teacher collaborations in supporting student learning success in Indonesia. Cogent Education, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2271713
Cao, X., Huang, Z., Li, M., & He, T. (2026). Teachers’ AI-TPACK as a tangible outcome in the digital transformation of education: A machine learning-based multilevel approach. Teaching and Teacher Education, 169, 105270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2025.105270
Celik, I. (2023). Towards Intelligent-TPACK: An empirical study on teachers’ professional knowledge to ethically integrate artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools into education. Computers in Human Behavior, 138, 107468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107468
Costa, N., Pereira Junior, C., Araujo, R., & Fernandes, M. (2019). Application of AI Planning in the Context of e-Learning. 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT), 57–59. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICALT.2019.00021
Djulia, E., Brata, W. W. W., & Amrizal. (2022). Pre-service biology students technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPCK) as prerequisite for professional biology teacher. 050008. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121861
Dockens, A. L., & Shelton, K. (2025). AI for Formative and Summative Assessment (pp. 353–386). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-5102-5.ch013
Domenech, N. V., Villavicencio, W. R., Giraldo de López, M., & Carrasquero Ferrer, S. J. (2025). Ética en el Desafío de la Implementación de IA dentro del Ámbito Educativo. 141–149. https://doi.org/10.54808/CICIC2025.01.141
Gorgun, G., Bulut, O., & Tan, B. (2025). Designing Classroom Assessments with Generative AI. In Teaching with Artificial Intelligence (pp. 162–180). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003685241-14
Habibi, A., Yusop, F. D., & Razak, R. A. (2020). The role of TPACK in affecting pre-service language teachers’ ICT integration during teaching practices: Indonesian context. Education and Information Technologies, 25(3), 1929–1949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10040-2
Hasanović, J., & Masić, F. (2026). The Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Process of Creating Teaching Materials. 2026 30th International Conference on Information Technology (IT), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/IT67293.2026.11435767
Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education promises and implications for teaching and learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign.
Mansour, N., Said, Z., Çevik, M., & Abu-Tineh, A. (2024). Science and Mathematics Teachers’ Integration of TPACK in STEM Subjects in Qatar: A Structural Equation Modeling Study. Education Sciences, 14(10), 1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14101138
Antonio, M. S. M., Sánchez Carlos Alberto, F., & Oscar, M. R. (2024). AI-Driven Innovations in Higher Education: Improving Lesson Planning and Teaching Quality at UABC. 2024 IEEE 42nd Central America and Panama Convention (CONCAPAN XLII), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/CONCAPAN63470.2024.10933906
Ning, Y., Zhang, C., Xu, B., Zhou, Y., & Wijaya, T. T. (2024). Teachers’ AI-TPACK: Exploring the Relationship between Knowledge Elements. Sustainability, 16(3), 978. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16030978
Perkins, M., Furze, L., Roe, J., & MacVaugh, J. (2024). The Artificial Intelligence Assessment Scale (AIAS): A Framework for Ethical Integration of Generative AI in Educational Assessment. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 21(06). https://doi.org/10.53761/q3azde36
Rajendran, R. K., V., A. I., & T., M. P. (2024). Specializing Instruction With the Use of Artificial Intelligence (pp. 245–256). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-5538-1.ch009
Rakerda, H., Lathif, M., Amalia, R., Bowo, T. A., & Afandi, R. A. (2025). From Knowledge to Practice: Investigating the TPACK Integration of Indonesian Pre-Service EFL Teachers. Voices of English Language Education Society, 9(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.29408/veles.v9i1.29414
Salendab, F. A., Cogo, D. A., Catipay, A. Z., & Millendez, G. J. T. (2025). The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Personalized Learning and Adaptive Assessments (pp. 93–122). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-2185-1.ch004
Segal, R., & Biton, Y. (2024). The Contribution That Utilizing Generative AI for Problem Posing Makes to Pre-Service High School Mathematics Teachers’ TPACK. International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 1559–1582. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.4591
Segal, R., Biton, Y., & Alush, K. (2025). How Utilizing Generative AI When Addressing Pedagogical and Mathematical Events Contributes to Mathematics Teacher Educators’ TPACK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge). International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 13(4), 895–913. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.4928
Setiyawan, A., Soeharto, S., Wijaya, T. T., Korenova, L., & Lavicza, Z. (2025). Measuring Teachers’ competencies for AI integration: Development and validation of the AI-TPACK in vocational education. Computers and Education Open, 9, 100319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2025.100319
Sugiyono, P. D. (2019). metode penelitian pendidikan (kuantitatif, kualitatif, kombinasi, R&D dan penelitian pendidikan). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan, 67(2019), 18.
Suwono, H., & Prasetyo, S. D. (2026). Enhancing teacher competencies through innovative professional development practices focusing on sustainable learning environments. Discover Education, 5(1), 419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-026-01451-8
Vaghasiya, N., Zalavadia, K., & Vyas, A. (2026). AI-Based Quiz Generation Using ChatGPT (pp. 377–389). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-9196-8_25
Wang, S., & Sitthiworachart, J. (2025). Enhancing preservice teacher education: Integrating assistive technology and UDL within the TPACK framework: A systematic literature review. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 9(4), 2706–2721. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v9i4.6642
Wibowo, S., Yuniawatika, Murti, R. C., Wuryandani, W., & Purnomo, Y. W. (2024). Skills in Preparing Mathematics Teaching Modules and Their Correlation with Skills in Providing Learning Variations for Prospective Elementary School Teachers. MIMBAR PGSD Undiksha, 12(1), 119–129. https://doi.org/10.23887/jjpgsd.v12i1.62475
Wu, H., Ning, Y., Chang, H., Shi, M., & Zhang, W. (2026). AI-TPACK Competencies in Mathematical Problem-Posing Teaching: Measurement Instrument Development and Latent Profile Analysis of Pre-Service Teachers. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 24(5), 41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-026-10666-y
Xie, M., & Luo, L. (2026). Assessing AI-TPACK readiness in mathematics teacher education: The role of self-efficacy and teaching beliefs. Computers and Education Open, 10, 100375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2026.100375
